This dissertation examines South Korea’s cyber security dilemma in the context of software uniformity. Specifically, applying such a methodology could transform the addon market. Results may herald insight on how other evolving internet ecosystems may behave, and suggest a methodology for measuring this behavior. Adapting the PPR model to analyzing the browser ecosystem at the level of addon manufacturer, the study shows that some addon companies are in symbiosis and others clash with each other as shown by analyzing the behavior of 18 prominent addon manufacturers. Analyzing addon interactions at user level using the Personal-ized PageRank (PPR) random walk measure shows that the graph demonstrates ecological resilience. This study examines that ecosystem quantitatively by constructing a large-scale graph with nodes corresponding to users, addons, and words (terms) that describe addon functionality. It is possible for addons to " sneak in " through third party installations or to get " kicked out " by their competitors without user involvement. The paper also discusses possible solutions that can be used to mitigate the attack in the existing versions of the antivirus software as well as in the future ones.Ĭontrary to the assumption that web browsers are designed to support the user, an examination of a 900,000 distinct PCs shows that web browsers comprise a complex ecosystem with millions of addons collaborating and competing with each other. We have investigated this design vulnerability with several of the major antivirus software products such as Avira, AVG, McAfee, Microsoft, and Symantec and found that they are vulnerable to this new attack vector. Local privilege escalation using this vulnerability is also described. In this paper, we suggest a novel attack vector that targets antivirus updates and show practical examples of how a system and antivirus software itself can be compromised during the update of antivirus software. All antivirus software share a unique characteristic that they must be updated at a very high frequency to provide up-to-date protection of their system. However, there can be another time frame where antivirus solutions may be inactive, namely, during the time of update. Some malware target boot and/or shutdown time when antivirus software may be inactive so that they can perform their malicious activities. The installers then determine the method for further intrusion including antivirus bypassing techniques. Increasingly, most of the modern malware are staged ones in order for them to be not detected by antivirus solutions at the early stage of intrusion. The common strategies deployed include the use of obfuscated code and staged malware whose first instance (usually installer such as dropper and downloader) is not detected by the antivirus software. This has led to malware that can bypass or subvert antivirus software. In the anti-malware research community, development of techniques for evading detection by antivirus software is an active research area. SUMMARY The security of modern computer systems heavily depends on security tools, especially on antivirus software solutions.
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